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Venus has a nearly circular orbit. It cannot be a captured planet.
The kinetic energy of a planet (in a single-body system) corresponds to the energy a mass has when falling from a radius of 2a.
If it were from further away, it would have a strong eccentricity.
Assertion:
The accretion disk of a black hole can consist of gas at most. A massive object moving past a black hole
would accumulate so much energy that it would have to be slowed down considerably to achieve a circular orbit.
Conjecture:
A black hole that is not currently swallowing a star does not have an accretion disk at all.
What scientists see as an accretion disk is gas produced by the black hole.
The circular orbit is stabilized by the counter-traffic of particles coming from the black hole.
Note: A circular orbit can also be true further away from the center,
since less energy is gained during the fall (for example, compared to the Oort cloud).
How can something fall into a black hole?
An object with an eccentric orbit is slowed down by tidal friction or gravitational waves.
Light:
Light that doesn't enter the eye or is reflected is invisible. Light travels in hyperbolic, circular, or spiral paths. Circles are likely the exception. Elliptical or parabolic paths are not possible. Light takes the same path on its way to and from the black hole (Minkowski metric).
Looking into the center of a black hole results in a more pronounced
narrowing of the viewing cone
than in adjacent directions. With magnification, it appears darker.
The sides and even parts of the back are seen brighter due to the curvature of the light path.
Light from it pushes into the field of view, even when the straight path is obscured.
Ludwig Resch
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