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How does the mean entropy of the world remain constant, even though,
according to the second law of thermodynamics,
entropy in every closed system tends toward its maximum?
Here, the Clausius definition of entropy will be used, i.e., dS = dQ/T through the surface. Two bodies are in a heat-tight enclosure,
one of which is hotter than the other. When the temperatures equalize, the hotter body loses entropy,
while the colder body gains entropy. Because the amount of entropy lost by
one is smaller than the entropy gained by the other, the overall entropy increases..
However, the world is not a closed system.
A constant mean entropy of the world can only be achieved in an infinitely expanded system.
In a sufficiently large sphere, on average, as much heat flows in as out through its surface.
The sun constantly emits heat, so it also constantly loses entropy. Colder bodies that absorb radiation gain entropy.
Should entropy also increase here?
When dealing with objects with large masses, a blueshift of the absorbed radiation occurs.
This radiation can trigger reactions that it couldn't with lower energy. The work capacity of this energy increases
Furthermore, at greater distances, the cosmological redshift occurs. Less energy arrives than was sent.
Thus, entropy increases less than without redshift.
Cosmological redshift:
There are many explanations for a redshift. An accelerating field always causes a color change per length of light path.
What is an accelerating field? When a massive body is accelerated, inertia creates a force, called an apparent force,
that is opposite to the acceleration, i.e., negative to the acceleration.
I call this an acceleration field with the direction of the apparent force.
A one-dimensional and simplified model of the world would be a series of galaxies, like the pearls in a string of pearls.
With a finite number of "pearls," the outermost pearl has the greatest gravity relative to the center of gravity.
The greater the number of pearls, the greater the gravity. The acceleration field is directed inward for a finite number.
For an infinite number, there is no longer a center of gravity, and all galaxies would be almost at the Lagrange point.
No preferred direction can be specified.
This shows the limit of the pearl necklace model. The maximum gravity is pi²/6 •m²•G/d² (d = distance between the pearls).
In an analogous three-dimensional model ("cube model"), the maximum gravity would be greater, supported by dark matter.
In a finite world (e.g., with big bang), the acceleration field points inward. In my theory, it points outward.
In addition to the conservation of angular momentum,
this field contributes to preventing the world from collapsin
Ludwig Resch
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