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The Essential Causes of Dark Matter

Potential Energy:
The absolute value is unknown. It is very small between two masses. With a large number of massive objects, the potential energy increases; with an infinite number of stars, it is infinite. The "dark matter particle" lies at the inner Lagrange point with infinite diameter.
Gravity to a Mass Ring:
The gravity of a ring is negative in its interior. Inner stars of a disk-shaped galaxy are therefore slower.
Ghost Mass:*
"Ghost mass" itself—in the immediate vicinity—is not a significant cause of dark matter, as it is always associated with redshift or blueshift. However, it is distance-dependent. This makes stars heavier from far away than nearby.
Optical Effect:
The cone of view narrows more when the view moves toward a galaxy, as there is more mass there. With a magnified image, the velocities also appear greater than they actually are, similar to flagellates under a microscope.
Quadratic dependence:
In the "snow globe theory," velocities change velocities change quadratically with the scale (v/c)!
These reasons are primarily responsible for dark matter. There are also an unknown number of brown dwarfs, cold gas, or dust. According to my theory, a long-lived dark matter particle cannot exist, which does not rule out the possibility of virtual particles interacting with potential energy.

*""Ghost mass" should be defined as mass or energy that does not exist locally.

Ludwig Resch