back

Lifespan of Stars

Larger stars generally live shorter lives than smaller stars. Neutron stars and black holes are rare, so it's assumed they die quickly.
At the end of the world, there's a giant black hole around which entire galaxies orbit. In an eternal world, a large black hole dies (in terms of mass) faster than a small one, otherwise we would all end up in a black hole.
Near black holes, there will always be larger accumulations of hydrogen.
The emission rate of particles increases not only with the Fermi counterpressure to gravity, but also with a larger surface area. So it makes sense if the surface area increases with mass. I also believe there is high-energy electromagnetic radiation, perhaps from photon-photon interactions. This pushes the hydrogen further away so it doesn't fall back in.
Where does the energy for decay come from?
According to Schwarzschild, the potential energy up to the event horizon is half the rest mass. In contrast, the energies from the mass defect are small, i.e., comparing iron with hydrogen. Furthermore, a black hole is the ideal solar cell. It converts visible starlight into blue light.
How are heavy elements formed?
As is well known, heavy metals are formed through supernovae. But there is a second pathway. A black hole doesn't explode. Without the input of massive objects, it gets smaller and smaller until it finally mutates into a neutron star. A neutron star shrinks more slowly in the same way. If a neutron star becomes too small, it may decay like a uranium bomb. In this mini-supernova, all elements can be formed, even those not found in a normal supernova.
Inactive neutron stars don't exist in an eternal world. Such stars would otherwise have to collect hydrogen, and such stars have apparently never been observed..
Another end for neutron stars:
Hydrogen diffuses very easily through hot iron. If a neutron star becomes too small and inactive, it collects hydrogen on its surface. It then mutates into a white dwarf. This would give the white dwarf a core of neutronium. This would explain the high density of white dwarfs.

Ludwig Resch